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Prehistoric coastal communities

AuteurBell M.

Editor--

Jaar2007

PublicatietypeBoek

SerieCBA Research Reports

Volume149

SubtitelThe Mesolithic in western Britain

Pagina’s381 + CD

UitgeverCouncil for British Archaeology

PlaatsYork

ISBN9781902771649

Citation key--

Trefwoorden--

Plaatsgegevens

Exemplaar70627 ReknummerT-7-5-a

Inhoud
The Mesolithic and Neolithic in the coastal zone of western Britain 1-18
Bell M.
  • The Mesolithic problem , p. 3
  • Submerged forests and Holocene coastal sediments , pp. 3-4
  • The history of submerged forest research , pp. 4-5
  • Relating intertidal and inland wetland sequences , pp. 5-7
  • Coastal peats, sediments, and archaeology , p. 7
  • Sea-level and coastal change , pp. 7-10
  • Dates of the submerged forests , p. 10
  • The context of archaeological finds in the submerged forests and coastal wetlands , pp. 10-13
  • Dryland and inland Mesolithic , p. 13
  • Mesolithic research questions , pp. 13-16
  • Transition to the Neolithic , pp. 16-18
The Mesolithic site at Goldcliff East: introduction to the site, the sequence, and methodology 19-35
Bell M.
  • Development of the research (Previous work, The environmental project, Related environmental research, Fieldwork and the archaeological project, Geographical and Quaternary context, The sedimentary sequence, Relationship to the tidal regime) , pp. 19-31
  • Research questions (Archaeological questions) , p. 32
  • Methodology (Survey, Excavation, Blocklifting, Water-sieving, Environmental sampling, Dating) , pp. 32-35
Mesolithic activity at about the time of the Lower Submerged Forest 36-47
Bell M.
  • The basal Holocene palaeosol and submerged forest , pp. 36-38
  • Excavation of Site B (Stratigraphy, Artefact distributions, Dating) , pp. 38-45
  • Excavation of Site D , pp. 45-47
Banded sediments with footprint-tracks 48-56
Bell M.
  • Sedimentary context , p. 49
  • Erosion feature between Sites D and I , pp. 49-52
  • Investigation of footprint-tracks (Other footprint-tracks on the lower foreshore) , pp. 52-55
Island edge occupations: Site A 57-62
Bell M.
  • Artefact distributions and activity areas , pp. 59-62
Island edge occupation: Site J 63-82
Bell M.
  • Stratigraphic sequence (Pleistocene sediments, Holocene Old Land Surface, Estuarine sediments, Upper Peat and Submerged Forest) , pp. 66-72
  • Environmental sampling , p. 72
  • Dating the sequence , pp. 72-75
  • Artefact distributions and activity areas (Lithics, Heat-fractured stones, Bones, Worked wood) , pp. 75-82
  • Footprint-tracks , p. 82
The Upper Peat and Submerged Forest 83-89
Bell M.
  • Stratigraphic sequence , pp. 83-87
  • Upper Submerged Forest , p. 87
  • Palaeoenvironmental transect and sampling , pp. 87-88
  • Relationship of our study to that of Smith and Morgan , pp. 88-89
  • Archaeological evidence , p. 89
Dating the submerged forests: dendrochronology and radiocarbon 'wiggle-match' dating 90-102
Nayling N. & Manning S.
  • Dendrochronology (Sampling and distribution, Methods, Results, Discussion) , pp. 90-95
  • Manning S., Kromer B., Bronk Ramsey C., Pearson C.L. & Talamo S. : Radiocarbon 'wiggle-match' dating the submerged forests (Aims and methods (Tree-ring radiocarbon wiggle-matching, Other radiocarbon dates and sequences, Analysis and calibration), The Lower Submerged Forest, dating Tree 77 at Redwick,... , pp. 95-102
  • ...The Upper Submerged Forest, Tree 36 at Goldcliff East, Site J, Upper Submerged Forest, Tree 8 at Goldcliff East, Goldcliff Pit J sequence)
Goldcliff lithic artefacts 103-124
Barton R.N.E.
  • The lithic assemblage. Raw material , p. 103
  • The lithic assemblage. Site B: comments on the spatial distribution of lithic artefacts , p. 104
  • The lithic assemblage. Site A: lithic technology (Flakes, Blades/bladelets, Chips, Shatter, Cores and related forms) , pp. 104-107
  • The lithic assemblage. Site A: retouched tools (Microliths, Backed bladelet, Denticulates and notches, Truncated flake, Retouched flakes and bladelets, Miscellaneous tools, Microlith debitage, Retouch chips) , pp. 107-108
  • The lithic assemblage. Site A: Comments on the spatial distribution of lithic artefacts , pp. 108-109
  • The lithic assemblage. Site J, Context 328 (including 328/9 and 329): lithic technology (Flakes, Blades/bladelets, Chips, Shatter, Cores and related forms) , pp. 109-110
  • The lithic assemblage. Site J, Context 328: retouched tools (Microliths, Backed blade and bladelet, End-scrapers and side-scrapers, Denticulates and notches, Truncated bladelet, Retouched flakes and bladelets, Microlith debitage) , pp. 110-112
  • The lithic assemblage. Site J: comments on the spatial distribution of lithic artefacts , pp. 112-113
  • The lithic assemblage. Unstratified finds of significance (Bifacial Tools, Unifacial leaf point) , pp. 113-115
  • The lithic assemblage. Comparisons with other Mesolithic assemblages in western Britain , pp. 115-117
  • van Gijn A. : A functional analysis of some lithic implements from Sites A and J (Sampling and methods, Preservation, Inferring activities) , pp. 117-121
  • Bell M. : Object of stone , pp. 121-122
  • The geology of utilised and heat-fractured stones (Lithological description, Provenance of the main lithologies, Comparison with other prehistoric sites, Heat-fractured stone from Goldcliff East) , pp. 123-124
Mesolithic worked wood 125-130
Brunning R.
  • Artefacts (Site J (Digging stick or spear-like object 9224, Y-shaped tool 9199, Charred bead-like object 10462, V-shaped tool 4504, Pointed tool tip or pin 10266, Pronged object 9431, Possible stake 10648, Cut piece 10270, Cut piece 10159),... , pp. 125-129
  • ...Site B ('Spatula' 3718), Site E (Palaeochannel east of Site E)
Bone and antler tools 131-138
Bell M.
  • Antler artefacts (Antler mattock-hammer 7065, 2273 Split antler) , pp. 131-134
  • Bone artefacts , p. 134
  • Bone scrapers , pp. 134-135
  • Bone with evidence of possible weapon impact , p. 135
  • Bones with cut marks and wear traces , pp. 135-138
  • Bone and antler artefacts: conclusions , p. 138
Footprint-tracks of people and animals 139-159
Scales R.
  • Introduction (Footprint-tracks, Terminology, Methodology: excavation and recording, Methodology: estimation of age, height, and speed of walk) , pp. 139-141
  • Human footprint-tracks (Human footprint-tracks: conclusions (The Mesolithic population, The invisible people: the role of children in the Mesolithic)) , pp. 141-154
  • Animal footprint-tracks (Site C (Wolf footprint-tracks)) , pp. 154-157
  • Bird prints , pp. 157-159
Mammal and fish bones 160-168
Scales R. & Ingrem C.
  • Scales R. : Animal bones (The sites, Methodology, Animal species (Red deer (Cervus elaphus), Aurochs (Bos primigenius, wild cattle), Wild boar (Sus scrofa), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Otter (Lutra lutra), Bird bone)... , pp. 160-165
  • ...Age and seasonality (Red deer, Aurochs, Wild boar, Roe deer), Butchery, burnt bone, and fragmentation)
  • Ingrem C. : Fish bones (Introduction to the sites, Methodology, Fish species) , pp. 166-168
  • Bell M. : Molluscs , p. 168
Plant communities and human activity in the Lower Submerged Forest and on Mesolithic occupation sites 169-187
Dark P.
  • Methods and results (Field sampling (For pollen and charcoal analysis, For macroscopic plant remains), Pollen and microscopic charcoal particle analysis, Parasite eggs, Macroscopic charcoal, Macroscopic plant remains from bulk samples,... , pp. 169-171
  • ...Radiocarbon dating)
  • Factors involved in interpretation of the sequences (Sedimentary context, Temporal resolution, Pollen source areas, Charcoal source areas, Sources of macroscopic plant remains) , pp. 171-178
  • Interpretation , pp. 178-182
  • Discussion (Environmental context of later Mesolithic human activity and plant food availability, Use of fire, Seasonality, Spatial variability in human activity, Human activity in the early Neolithic period?) , pp. 182-185
  • Gale R. : Charcoals from the Mesolithic Sites A, B, D and J , pp. 185-187
Plant communities of the Upper Submerged Forest 188-200
Timpany S.
  • Methods , p. 188
  • Results and interpretation. Wood identification and dendrochronological analysis , pp. 188-191
  • Results and interpretation. Pollen, non-pollen microfossil, and plant macrofossil analysis (Saltmarsh-reedswamp phase c 5730+/-33 BP (OxA-13934; 4690-4490 cal BC) to c 5650 BP (4520-4450 cal BC),... , pp. 191-
  • ...Carr-woodland period c 5650 BP (4520-4450 cal BC) to c 5061+/-21 BP (OxA-12355; 3950-3790 cal BC), Reedswamp to raised mire period c 5000 BP (c 3800-3755 cal BC) to 3130+/-70 BP (CAR-644; 1610-1200 cal BC))
  • Discussion. Vegetational succession and tree spread on the wetland, Goldcliff East , p. 199
  • Discussion. Carr-woodland disturbance episode, Ulmus decline, and the role of human agency , pp. 199-200
Insect assemblages from the Lower and Upper Peats 201-209
Tetlow E.
  • Sampling strategy, Methods, The Lower Peat at Site D, The Lower Peat at Site B, Upper Peat and Upper Submerged Forest at Pit J, Goldcliff East Tree 70, Goldcliff East Site K, Conclusions (Lower Peat (Site D),... , pp. 201-209
  • ...Estuarine Sediments (The Upper Peat and Submerged Forest))
Sediments and soils 210-217
Allen J.R.L. & Yendell V.
  • Allen J.R.L. : Annually banded sediments , pp. 210-211
  • Yendell V. : Thin section examination of Mesolithic Old Land Surfaces and occupation horizons , pp. 211-217
Mesolithic communities at Goldcliff: conclusions 218-248
Bell M.
  • Topographic setting and sea-level change , pp. 218-222
  • The date of activity and evidence for cultural change through time at Goldcliff (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic) , pp. 222-224
  • Material culture and activity areas (Site D and defecation practice, Footprint-track Sites C, E, and H, Hill Farm Trench 2 (Site J, Stone tools, Site J, Bones and bone tools, Site J, Possible structure, Site J, Cooking with heated stones,... , pp. 224-225
  • ... Site J, Activities on the saltmarsh edge, Site J, Activities at the time of peat formation, Site J, Worked wood))
  • Unstratified artefacts: the axes/adzes and mattock-hammer , p. 230
  • Activities: conclusions , pp. 230-233
  • Structural evidence , pp. 233-234
  • Population structure , pp. 234-235
  • Axes of movement and site territory , p. 235
  • Nature of settlement pattern , p. 235
  • The use of animal and plant resources (Animal resources, Plant resources (Trees and shrubs, Berries and fruits, Grasses, Greens, Roots and rhizomes, Fungi, Marine plants and algae)) , pp. 235-239
  • Tidal influences , pp. 239-242
  • Human agency and environmental change , p. 242
  • Seasonality and sedentism , pp. 242-247
  • Neolithic activity at Goldcliff , pp. 247-248
Mesolithic to Neolithic human activity and impact at the Severn Estuary wetland edge: studies at Llandevenny, Oldbury Flats, Hills Flats, and Woolaston 249-262
Brown A.
  • Llandevenny, Monmouthshire (Lithic assemblage, Palaeoenvironmental sampling, Methods, Radiocarbon dates, Palaeoenvironmental interpretation) , pp. 250-256
  • Oldbury Flats, south Gloucestershire , pp. 256-258
  • Hills Flats, south Gloucestershire , pp. 258-259
  • Woolaston, Gloucestershire , pp. 259-262
Shell middens and their environment at Prestatyn, north Wales 263-317
Armour-Chelu M., Bell M., Brayshay B., Britnell W.J., Cameron N., Caseldine A.E., Dresser P.Q., Fancourt E., Gonzalez S., Healey E. & et al.
  • Bell M. : Introduction (Topography and geoarchaeology, Sea-level and coastal change, Mesolithic and Neolithic archaeological background, Palaeoenvironmental research objectives) , pp. 263-267
  • Thomas D. & Britnell W.J. : Nant Hall Road (Hand-augering) , pp. 267-269
  • Dresser P.Q. : Radiocarbon dating , p. 269
  • Thomas D. & Britnell W.J. : Excavation of the sites at Nant Hall Road , pp. 269-276
  • Johnson S. & Bell M. : Marine molluscs (Mussel middens, Cockle middens, Discussion and comparison between middens) , pp. 276-278
  • Fancourt E.T. : Growth lines and seasonality studies of cockles (Methods, taphonomy, and diagenesis, Comparative study of a modern cockle population from Borth) , pp. 278-282
  • Bell M. & Johnson S. : Land molluscs , pp. 282-287
  • Brayshay B. & Caseldine A.E. : Pollen analysis (Site A (Early/mid-Holocene estuarine and saltmarsh/coastal fringe vegetation, Mid-Holocene reedswamp communities, Alder carr, Post-woodland)) , pp. 287-295
  • Caseldine A.E. : Plant macrofossil analysis (Charcoals) , pp. 295-296
  • Armour-Chelu M. : Animal bones , pp. 296-297
  • Healey E. : Flint and chert lithics (Raw materials (Flint, Chert, ?Igneous rock), Technology/flaking strategies, Parent waste (Cores (nos 1-5 and 9), Struck or tested nodules), Product waste (Preparation flakes, Inner flakes, Blade-like flakes,... , pp. 297-302
  • ...Core trimming pieces, Small flakes and chips), Flaking mode, Modification, Illustrated artefacts, Comparison with other lithic assemblages in the area (The F G Smith Collection, Bryn Newydd, Melyd Avenue, Bryn Rossa, Other sites))
  • Schulting R. & Gonzalez S. : 'Prestatyn Woman' reconsidered (The Prestatyn human skeleton) , pp. 303-305
  • Bell M., Caseldine A.E., Norris-Hill J. & Thomas D. : Investigations at Melyd Avenue, Prestatyn , pp. 305-306
  • Bell M. : Splash Point, Rhyl , pp. 306-308
  • Bell M. : Footprint-tracks at Prestatyn Gutter and Point of Ayr , p. 308
  • Bell M. : Conclusions: the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition in the Prestatyn area (Coastal change and palaeogeography, The middens and wider comparisons, People/environment relations and sustainability, Seasonality and sedentism,... , pp. 308-317
  • ...Contribution of shellfish and other resources to the diet, Settlement types, Burials, diet, and settlement pattern, Movement and territories, A model of settlement patterns, The Mesolithic/Neolithic transition)
Mesolithic coastal communities in western Britain: conclusions 318-343
Bell M.
  • The coastal archaeological record , pp. 318-319
  • Submerged forests and the chronology of coastal change , pp. 319-320
  • Ecodynamism, fire, and human agency , pp. 321-325
  • Settlement and off-site activity types , pp. 326-327
  • Axes of movement , p. 327
  • Territory and patterns of movement , pp. 327-332
  • A model of seasonality and movement , pp. 332-334
  • A pattern of islands , pp. 334-335
  • Change in the Mesolithic , p. 335
  • An evolutionary model for the Mesolithic? , pp. 335-336
  • Transition to the Neolithic , pp. 336-341
  • Limitations of the project and future directions of research , pp. 341-342
  • The main achievements of the research , pp. 342-343
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